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user image Donaldepict DonaldepictFS - 01 Jan 2023 at 9:20 PM -

Hợp đồng điện tử eContract: Không còn là chuyện của tương lai

Kể từ sau đại dịch Covid-19, khái niệm hợp đồng điện tử đang ngày càng trở nên phổ biến hơn với mọi doanh nghiệp tại Việt Nam, được xem là giải pháp công nghệ đắc lực hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp Việt bứt phá, tạo lợi ... thế cạnh tranh với đối thủ

Trên thế giới, hợp đồng điện tử đã và đang được ứng dụng mạnh mẽ, đặc biệt trong thời đại kinh tế số hiện nay. Theo một nghiên cứu của Ủy ban châu Âu, các hợp đồng điện tử được thiết lập đã giúp tiết kiệm cho các doanh nghiệp thuộc khối liên minh châu Âu EU hơn 11 tỷ euro mỗi năm, chỉ bằng cách loại bỏ nhu cầu in tài liệu và quản lý thủ công. Điều này tương đương với việc cắt giảm 80-90% chi phí thực hiện hợp đồng.

Còn tại Việt Nam, các doanh nghiệp cũng ngày càng nhận thức rõ tầm quan trọng của việc chuyển đổi phương thức giao kết, ký kết hợp đồng sang hướng số hoá, đặc biệt sau những đợt giãn cách xã hội kéo dài gây cản trở hoạt động hợp tác, sản xuất kinh doanh. Theo công bố của Bộ Công thương trong báo cáo Thương mại điện tử Việt Nam 2022, có 42% doanh nghiệp Việt Nam được khảo sát đã ứng dụng hợp đồng điện tử trong hoạt động thương hiệu.

Là một trong những chủ doanh nghiệp ý thức rất sớm việc triển khai hợp đồng điện tử, anh Cao Tùng Lâm - CEO một công ty quảng cáo có trụ sở tại Hà Nội cho biết, trước đây, chi phí mà doanh nghiệp anh phải trả cho việc thực hiện hợp đồng truyền thống là không hề nhỏ. Không chỉ chi phí in ấn, doanh nghiệp còn rất mất thời gian cho việc vận chuyển, lưu trữ hay quản lý hợp đồng.

Việc lưu trữ hợp đồng giấy cũng gặp nhiều khó khăn, rắc rối, lúc cần tìm rất mất thời gian cũng như dễ bị thất thoát, hư hỏng theo thời gian, mang đến rủi ro cho doanh nghiệp về pháp lý khi có tranh chấp xảy ra. Từ ngày chuyển sang sử dụng hợp đồng điện tử, doanh nghiệp của anh Lâm có thể thấy rõ quy trình ký kết được rút gọn đáng kể, thời gian, chi phí để thực hiện các bộ hợp đồng cũng được tiết giảm, gia tăng hiệu quả hoạt động cho doanh nghiệp và tạo lợi thế cạnh tranh trước các đối thủ trên thị trường.

Việc áp dụng các hợp đồng điện tử, cũng như một phần mềm quản lý hợp đồng hiệu quả là rất quan trọng để đảm bảo sự phát triển và thành công của doanh nghiệp trong những năm tới. Nhưng để hợp đồng điện tử thực sự mang tới thành công, doanh nghiệp cần lựa chọn đơn vị cung cấp giải pháp uy tín, có nhiều kinh nghiệm, cùng đội ngũ hỗ trợ tận tâm 24/7.

[url= https://vnpttelecom.net/]VNPT eContract[/url] - Giải pháp hợp đồng điện tử tối ưu cho doanh nghiệp

VNPT eContract là một sản phẩm trong bộ giải pháp chuyển đổi số toàn diện của Tập đoàn VNPT, được tối ưu giúp hỗ trợ tối đa doanh nghiệp trong việc số hoá quy trình ký kết hợp đồng. Giải pháp cung cấp cho doanh nghiệp bộ công cụ để quản lý toàn trình từ khâu tạo lập cho đến thực thi hợp đồng, theo dõi tất cả các biến động xảy ra trong quá trình thực hiện hợp đồng.

Quy trình ký kết hợp đồng điện tử giữa các bên bằng VNPT eContract hoàn toàn tuân thủ Luật Thương mại điện tử và các quy định pháp lý của Nhà nước. Đồng thời, toàn bộ dữ liệu của giao dịch được mã hóa bằng công nghệ blockchain trên hạ tầng máy chủ đạt tiêu chuẩn quốc tế của VNPT, đảm bảo quá trình bảo mật, an toàn và dễ dàng truy xuất dữ liệu khi cần thiết.

Đáng chú ý, VNPT eContract hiện nay có thể được sử dụng trong rất nhiều loại hợp đồng: Hợp đồng cung cấp dịch vụ, hợp đồng lao động, hợp đồng thuê khoán, hợp đồng thương mại, dịch vụ, hợp đồng đại lý, hợp đồng vận chuyển, hợp đồng bảo hiểm, hợp đồng mua bán, thỏa thuận hợp tác, biên bản ghi nhớ…

user image Daserpored DaserporedCR - 11 Sep 2022 at 3:17 AM -

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user image Arvind Swaroop Kushwaha - 13 Apr 2020 at 7:21 AM -

Population of Indian States


Rank State Population
2018 2011 difference
1 Uttar Pradesh 228,959,599 199,812,341 29,147,258
2 Maharashtra 120,837,347 112,374,333 8,463,014
3 Bihar 119,461,013 104,099,452 15,361,561
4 West Bengal 97,694,960 91,276,115 6,418,845
5 Madhya Pradesh 82,342,793 72,626,809 9,715,984
6 Rajasthan 78,230,816 68,548,437 9,682,379
7 Tamil Nadu 76,481,545 72,147,030 4,334,515
8 Karnataka 66,165,886 61,095,297 5,070,589
9 Gujarat 63,907,200 60,439,692 3,467,508
10 Andhra Pradesh 52,883,163 49,576,777 3,306,386
11 Odisha 45,429,399 41,974,218 3,455,181
12 Telangana 38,472,769 35,004,000 3,468,769
13 Jharkhand 37,329,128 32,988,134 4,340,994
14 Kerala 35,330,888 33,406,061 1,924,827
15 Assam 34,586,234 31,205,576 3,380,658
16 Punjab 29,611,935 27,743,338 1,868,597
17 Chhattisgarh 28,566,990 25,545,198 3,021,792
18 Haryana 27,388,008 25,351,462 2,036,546
NCT Delhi 18,345,784 16,787,941 1,557,843
19 Jammu & Kashmir 13,635,010 12,541,302 1,093,708
20 Uttarakhand 11,090,425 10,086,292 1,004,133
21 Himachal Pradesh 7,316,708 6,864,602 452,106
22 Tripura 4,057,847 3,673,917 383,930
23 Meghalaya 3,276,323 2,966,889 309,434
24 Manipur 3,008,546 2,855,794 152,752
25 Nagaland 2,189,297 1,978,502 210,795
26 Goa 1,542,750 1,458,545 84,205
27 Arunachal Pradesh 1,528,296 1,383,727 144,569
UT1 Puducherry 1,375,592 1,247,953 127,639
28 Mizoram 1,205,974 1,097,206 108,768
UT2 Chandigarh 1,126,705 1,055,450 71,255
29 Sikkim 671,720 610,577 61,143
UT3 A.& N.Islands 419,978 380,581 39,397
UT4 D.& N.Haveli 378,979 343,709 35,270
UT5 Daman & Diu 220,084 243,247 -23,163
UT6 Lakshadweep 71,218 64,473 6,745
India 1,335,140,907 1,210,854,977 124,285,930

user image Rahul Singh Bauddha - 29 Feb 2020 at 2:03 PM -

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[2/11/2019, 5:37 PM] Rahul Singh bauddha

user image Aneeeh Swaroop - 02 Nov 2019 at 7:34 PM -

How Many Websites Are There Around the World?



How Many Websites Are There? / Guide to the World of Websites – Outline:



Overview
How many websites are active?
The reasons for the growth
How big is the Internet today?
... How much Information is on the Internet?
What website was the first one?
Website types
Number of websites in Google index
How many websites are mobile friendly?
Number of webpages
How many websites are created every day?
Number of Domain Names
What is the most visited website in the world?
Number of websites in the United States
How many websites are in English?
WordPress Websites

Web Hosting
Divi WordPress Theme

How many websites are there in the World?



While the exact number of websites keeps changing every second, there are well over 1 billion sites on the world wide web (1,518,207,412 according to Netcraft’s January 2019 Web Server Survey compared to 1,805,260,010 in January 2018).

The milestone of 1 billion websites was reached in September 2014 followed by a bounce back to under 1 billion for one and half year. The total number of websites reached 1 billion again only in March 2016.

Today this number continues to change as you read this article.


Total Number of Websites – Yearly Table


Year Total Number of Websites (Active Websites)
January 2018 1 805 260 010 (171 648 771)
January 2017 1 800 047 111 (172 353 235)
January 2016 906 616 188 (170 258 872)
January 2015 876 812 666 (177 127 427)
January 2014 861 379 152 (180 067 270)
January 2013 629 939 191 (186 821 503)
January 2012 582 716 657 (182 441 983)
January 2011 273 301 445 (101 838 083)
January 2010 206 741 990 (83 456 669)
January 2009 185 497 213 (71 647 887)
January 2008 155 583 825 (68 274 154)



The total number of websites in the world has been confirmed by NetCraft and was published in its May 2018 Web Server Survey.

However, it worth noting that websites are added and subtracted on a regular basis. So, for a time the number fluctuated above and below the 1 billion mark.

For example, in August 2012 a full 40 million hostnames were removed from only 242 IP addresses. This considerably reduced the number of existing websites for a period of time.

By March 2016, the number of websites no longer went below a billion.

It is amazing to consider the sheer growth of the Internet which started with 1 website in 1991 to over a billion today.

Nowadays the businesses, organizations, and individuals all around the world actively use websites on a daily basis.


How many websites are active?



Websites, as considered by the official count, are those that have unique hostnames.

In other words, they have a specific IP address, use a name server, and have a unique name (domain name) which can be accessed with a browser and found through a search on the web.

However, today roughly more than 85% of all websites are not active. Instead, most of them are parked domains or have a similar function.

This means that only between 10-15% of all the websites in the World are active and being used in some fashion.



Only between 10-15% of all the websites in the World are active and being used in some fashion.
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Also, consider that a big portion of the websites does not get regular updates. This means that the actual number of active, working sites may be a much smaller fraction. So, the next time someone asks you “How many websites are there?” do not forget to clarify if they mean all websites or only the active websites.


The reasons for the growth



All things considered, the growth of websites has been quite remarkable thanks in large part to a decision on April 30th, 1993 by CERN.

This decision made the world wide web available on a basis that was free of royalties.

In essence, it became a public domain which allowed people around the world to create their own websites.

It is interesting to note that the growth of the internet started in the 1970s and continued on a limited basis until the early 1990s.

However, the world wide web itself is credited to Tim Berners-Lee, who began it in March 1989 and introduced the first server, browser, and editor along with HTTP and HTML.



Tim-Berners-Lee-CERN

Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the WWW in 1989 © CERN



While the growth of the web has been explosive, one of the biggest jumps occurred in 2013 when the number of websites grew by almost a third.

Today, Apache together with nginx currently hosts just over half the websites that exist. However, Microsoft is closing fast and they are expected to get a bigger market share soon.

It is also expected that the number of websites will continue to grow for the foreseeable future.

So, the answer to the question “How many websites are there?” soon will be even more impressive.


How big is the Internet today?



The size, scope, and amount of information on the Internet keep growing all the time. Accordingly, any data on this available today will most likely expire already tomorrow.

The Internet is huge in terms of its size. It contains a massive amount of constantly growing information in different formats (text, images, video, audio etc.).

Millions of people contribute to the size of the Internet every single day.

Ongoing user interaction (comments, forum posts, social media publications etc.);
New content publication (blogs, news websites);
Images and video uploads (YouTube, Instagram etc.);
and other forms of activity happen 24/7 on the Internet.



> READ ALSO: Video Marketing Statistics – 100+ Surprising Video Marketing Stats, Facts and Trends



As of the latest available statistics, the Internet has roughly 3.58 billion users.

This represents about 51% of the total population of the earth! The continent with the most Internet users is Asia. It accounts for just over 50% of all internet users in the world.

China has more Internet users than any other nation. It is currently estimated at over 1 billion. Just over 25% of all people using the Internet.

That number is more than triple the entire population of the United States!

Here is the wider list of Internet users per country as of 2017 (in millions):

Number of internet users per country

Source: Statista

Imagine all these folks non-stop making the Internet even bigger.

Every single second.

However, the Internet does not seem to be that big in physical size.

The physical size of the Internet was calculated in 2015. University of Leicester (UK) students estimated that printing out the entire web on paper would take about 2% of the Amazon rain-forest.

This number might not be too much impressive. But the Internet has grown considerably since then.


How much Information is on the Internet?



The total amount of information on the Internet is not easy to accurately assess.

It grows every second. Moreover, it depends on how you measure the information.

It is estimated that by 2019, given the current rate of growth, the global traffic on the Internet will reach 2 zettabytes or 2 billion-billion bytes for the year.

To put in layman’s terms, a single zettabyte can hold 36,000 hours of HD video.

There is little doubt that the Internet will continue to grow in terms of its size, scope, and information. This is thanks to the world’s growing dependence on the web for communication, business, and entertainment.


What website was the first one?



This one:

The first website of the Internet

How many websites are there today? Over a billion! But it all started with a single website.

The first website of the Internet went live on August 6, 1991. It was about the World Wide Web project itself.

As you can see from the screenshot, the contents of the website contained:

some general information;
instructions on hypertext;
and some guidelines on creating a web page.

The first website of the Internet was hosted at CERN on Berners-Lee’s NeXT computer (this computer is still at CERN).

Today we exactly know what the very first website was and how it did look. In 2013 CERN restored the world’s first website on its original address.

As a result, the first website of the internet is still available today at the following URL: http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html

On 30 April 1993 CERN put the World Wide Web software in the public domain. This allowed the web to develop and flourish at an unbelievable pace.

This is what made the Internet to look like we know it today.


How many types of websites are there?



Websites can be classified in types or categories based on several criteria, including but not limited to their technical nature, theme or topic.

However, regardless of the criterion, there is hardly an exhaustive list of website types or categories as such.

Nevertheless, if we consider the essence of the website as an online platform providing some sort of content, we can refer to the neat classification put together by Method & Class that we would like to share in this article.

So, according to M&G typically, a website falls under one of the following broad categories:

Static website (also referred as non-editable brochure website);
Editable brochure website that gets updated;
Editable, dynamic website, with user engagement (login areas etc);
E-commerce site;
Website based on some sort of web application.

The Internet is the endless universe of websites.

However, every single one among 1 billion+ existing websites most likely falls under one of the five categories mentioned above.


How many websites are there in Google?



Generally, search engines (including Google) focus more on individual webpages and not on websites.

The aim of a search engine is to provide the user with the information that matches his intent as closely as possible. This usually results in individual pages being shown on search engine results pages instead of websites. Therefore, there is no reliable data on the number of websites in Google index.

As for the webpages, according to World Wide Web Size Project, the number of webpages indexed in Google is at least 4.45 billion.

Expectedly, this number is more than the total number of existing websites (around 1.3 billion). As you may know, a single website can include hundreds or even thousands of individual webpages.


How many websites are mobile friendly?



Mobile has become a big deal lately. With each coming year more and more things start to happen on mobile:

website visits;
conversions;
content consumption;
and so on.

The whole Internet firmly moves towards mobile. In these conditions, shifting towards mobile-friendly design is already a necessity.

Okay, and how many websites are there mobile friendly?

We suppose that currently:

either the majority of existing websites are already mobile friendly;
or they are in the process of becoming so.

Particularly, taking into account the availability of responsive design.

However, currently, there are no reliable fresh stats on the exact number of mobile-friendly websites on the Internet.

The most up-to-date information on this matter is provided by Impact with reference to mobiForge. The data states that 82% of Alexa Top 100 sites were mobile friendly as of March 2017.

Nevertheless, this data does not necessarily reflect on the whole Internet. Alexa Top 100 predominantly consists of major websites. These websites possess the necessary resources (both human and technology) to make a quick move to mobile.

However, this is not the case when it comes to the rest of the Internet.

Therefore, we would humbly estimate that the mobile-friendliness of the whole World Wide Web is currently at a significantly lower rate compared to the data provided above.

We also would expect these things to change at a lightning speed during the coming years.



> READ ALSO: Mobile Marketing Statistics




How many webpages are there on the Internet?



Okay, we have answered the question on how many websites are there. But what about the web-pages?

As you already know, the webpage is something different from a website. Web pages are compound parts of websites. Sites usually consist of one or more webpages.

Currently, there is no absolute number of all existing web pages on the Internet. But, there is an estimation.

According to the research project (updated on a daily basis) by Tilburg University (The Netherlands) Indexed Web contains at least 4.26 billion pages.

However, this number keeps changing in real time. Just like everything associated with websites.

While part of web pages get deleted from the Internet on a daily basis, the new portion is being created instead.

However, the trend is that the number of newly created webpages surpasses those that get removed.


How many websites are created every day?



In the absence of any reliable data on this, the best thing we can do here is to come up with the rough estimation.

For the purposes of this section, we have measured the change in the total number of websites worldwide per minute. We found out that every minute the total number of the websites grew approximately by 380.

This means that every 24 hours we get 547200 increase in the total number of websites worldwide!





How many websites are created every minute?

As per our calculations, approximately 380 new websites are created every minute!





However, the actual number of new websites being created every day is probably a little more.

As we know from the previous paragraph, every day some part of web pages vanish from the Internet. Obviously, this applies to websites as well.

Respectively, the number above does not include those new websites that compensate the deleted ones. These websites, therefore, are not reflected in the total growth.

For that reason, the most accurate answer to this question would probably be that every day slightly more than 547200 new websites are created globally.


How many Domain Names are there on the Internet?



A domain name is the URL (Uniform Resource Locator). Or simply the address of a website.

All those millions of individuals, businesses, and organizations own domain names to provide the general public an easy access to their web resources.

There is no precise number of all active domain names out there. This figure is ever increasing (just like the number of websites).

However, we know that approximately 332.4 million registrations of domain names have been made as of the Q4 2017.

No doubt the number has increased since then, but it is 3.1 million (or 0.9 percent) more than in the previous year and 1.7 million (or 0.5 percent) more than Q3 2017.

Most of the growth occurs in the .com and .net top-level domains – approximately 146.4 million domain name registrations.




What is a Top-Level Domain?

You may have noticed that the last segment of the domain name consists of a period and two to three letters.

This section of the domain name is called the domain extension. Or more commonly the top-level domain (TLD).

A domain name usually has two parts: a top-level domain (TLD) and a second-level domain (SLD). For example, in the URL www.millforbusiness.com TLD is .com and SLD is millforbusiness.

TLD is the part of the domain that is right from the dot. SLD is the other part of it that is left from the dot.

There are two main types of TLDs. One that is generic while the other refers to the country.

Typical generic TLDs include .com, .biz, .org, .net, and so on.

A country-specific domain name is usually two letters that refer to a specific country such as .au for Australia. Alternatively, it can be made of two parts like co.uk for the United Kingdom.



There are currently 1,544 TLDs (not associated with a country) in existence today.

Most of them only have a small number of domain name registrants.

However, this total might change on a daily basis. Some TLDs are regularly added while others are retired.

It’s no surprise that most domain names have .com at the end of their registration. The .com dominates domain names with others such as .net and .org ranking well behind. While other TLDs such as .xyz, for example, are making headway, it is .com which is far and away the most popular.



> RELATED: .com or .co.uk – What Top Level Domain to Choose for UK Business?



The latest available numbers for the entire TLD market shows that .com represents nearly 131.9 million. The next closest TLD is .cn (China) at just over 21 million.

In descending order, the remaining TLDs consist of the following;

.tk (Tokelau) – 19.9 million
.de (Germany) – 16.3 million
.net – 14.5 million
.uk (United Kingdom) – 12.1 million
.org – 10.3 million
.info – 6.4 million
.ru (Russia) – 6.2 million
.nl (Netherlands) – 5.8 million

Source: The Verisign Domain Name Industry Brief Q4 2017


What is the most visited website in the world?



Google is currently the most visited website in the world according to Alexa Top 500 Global Sites Rating.

Here is how the Internet map looks based on websites’ relative popularity:

Internet Map Based on Website Popularity

Source: The Internet Map (to visually check how many websites are there in the World)

Google is indisputably number one in many parts of the globe. But not everywhere.

In some countries, this is not the case.

For example, Baidu is the number one website in China. VK and Yandex are the most popular websites in Russia.

For better perspective here is the world map with the most popular website in every country:

Most visited websites in the world - Map Source: Oxford Internet Institute

As it is seen from the map, Google is not the most popular website everywhere in the world. However, on average it is still the number one on a global scale.


How many websites are there in the United States?



It is hard to answer this question. It is hard to do in a straightforward way.

Most of all, because it is not quite clear what we exactly mean when we say “website in the US”.

Depending on the circumstances this can equally be a website:

Hosted in the US;
Physically managed from the US;
Engaged in business in the US;
Any combination of all three.

So, no clear definition here.

A website is something that can be located in different places. Accordingly, the location might change depending on the specific perspective/criterion.

For instance, is a website hosted in the US, managed from Singapore and exclusively involved in EU market is the website located in the US?

On the other hand, is the website hosted in EU and doing business/being managed in the US is an American website?

Depends.

If the criterion is hosting then:

a website is an American in the first scenario;
and European in the second.

Alternatively, if the criterion is the place of business/management then:

the website is Singaporean/European in the first case;
and American in the second.

So, yes, basically this depends.

As an additional information, we can note that the number of hosts in the US was 505,000,000 in 2012.

Today, in 2019 this number is probably a way higher.

In parallel, when we say that a particular website is located somewhere we might also mean the domain name associated with that country.

In a standard case, a local website usually uses the national top-level domain (like co.uk, .ca or .de). Based on this specific criterion there are 109,314,260 websites in the US. This is the number of domains registered by the US registrars as of November 2017 according to Registrar Owl.

Here is how the TLD distribution per country looks on a world map:

Total number of domain names per country Source: RegistrarOwl; Data from November 2017.




How many websites are there in English?



Currently, there are more than 7000 living languages around the world. Amongst them, less than 200 have a digital existence as of today.

According to W3Techs currently, 51.5% of all websites on the internet are in English followed by:

Russian 6.7% 6.7%
German 5.7% 5.7%
Japanese 5.1% 5.1%
Spanish 5.1% 5.1%
French 4.1% 4.1%
Others 21.8% 21.8%



However, because the Internet is a super dynamic ever-changing place these proportions keep changing too.

More than that, this constant change happens almost in real time. And not in favor of the English part of the web.

The proportion of websites in English is declining.

Between 1998 and 2005, the total share of websites in English dropped from 75 percent to 45 percent.

Nevertheless, this is not that much surprising. The number of multilingual websites has been on the rise during the last decades. More and more websites introduce the second and third language versions along with the main English version to reach the new audiences. Even more, most of the big and medium size websites go beyond this and add fourth, fifth and more languages to reach an even larger audience.

Accordingly, this downwards trend will most likely remain for English-only websites for the coming years.


How many websites are built on WordPress?



Tons of them.

Look:

17 posts go live every second on WordPress!

Every. Single. Second.

Even your local coffee shop probably runs its website on WordPress.

Why?

Because WordPress:

is fast and easy to set up
is super flexible
has a huge user community
is effective and fairly simple to use

You can have your website up and running literally in minutes with WordPress (if this is what you want to do try SiteGround Managed WordPress and one of the best WYSIWYG WordPress editors).

According to BuiltWith, 53% of all websites on the entire internet use WordPress as their content management system. However, this figure goes down when we lift up the criterion and consider:

top million websites – 50%;
top 100k websites – 42%;
and top 10k websites – 38% websites.

Nevertheless, the trend is evident. Wordpress is less popular (relatively) among the world’s top websites compared to smaller websites. However, even 38% share still looks pretty impressive.



Did you know that



BBC America
CNN
Mercedes-Benz
Time
TED
PlayStation
Reuters
Sony
Xerox
Fortune.com
TIME.com
TechCrunch

and many others all use WordPress?

Overall, WordPress is the fastest growing CMS in the world. Thus, approximately 1200+ new websites are built daily on WordPress among the top 10 million websites on the web (compared to Squarespace’s 256 and Wix’s 211).

user image Aneeeh Swaroop

H

Sunday, February 23, 2020
user image Jigyasa Admin - 27 Jan 2019 at 11:51 PM -

आरक्षण में रोस्टर आखिर है क्या,जिसे लेकर मचा हुआ है देश में हंगामा
-अरविन्द कुमार

रोस्टर एक विधि है, जिसके जरिये नौकरियों में आरक्षण लागू किया जाता है. लेकिन अगर इसे लागू न किया जाए या लागू करने में बेईमानी हो तो आरक्षण के संवैधानिक प्रावधानों की ... धज्जियां उड़ जाती हैं.

संविधान निर्माताओं ने अनुच्छेद 16(4) के तहत पिछड़े वर्गों (अनुसूचित जातियों, अनुसूचित जनजातियों और अन्य पिछड़े वर्ग) का पर्य़ाप्त प्रतिनिधित्व सुनिश्चित करने के लिए सरकारी नौकरियों और शिक्षण संस्थानों में आरक्षण का प्रावधान किया है. लेकिन आरक्षण को कैसे लागू किया जाये, इसको लेकर देशभर के विश्वविद्यालय सत्तापक्ष की मिलीभगत से अड़ंगेबाजी करते रहे. इसका परिणाम रहा कि अनुसूचित जाति और अनुसूचित जनजातियों का रिज़र्वेशन विश्वविद्यालयों में महज कागज की शोभा बनकर रह गया. यही हाल मण्डल कमीशन की संस्तुतियों के आधार पर लागू हुए ओबीसी रिज़र्वेशन का रहा.

विश्वविद्यालय लंबे समय तक अपनी स्वायत्तता का हवाला देकर आरक्षण लागू करने से ही मना करते रहे, लेकिन जब सामाजिक, राजनीतिक और कानूनी दबाव बनने लगा तो उन्होंने आरक्षण लागू करने की हामी तो भरी, लेकिन इसमें तमाम ऐसे चालबाजी कर दी, जिससे कि यह प्रभावी ढंग से लागू ही न हो पाये. इस चालबाजी में प्रमुख हैं-

– विभाग को आरक्षण लागू करने के लिए यूनिट बनाना
– एक एक पद के लिए विशेष योग्यता जोड़ना, ताकि कैंडीडेट ही न मिले,
– विभागों को छोटा-छोटा करना, ताकि आरक्षित वर्ग के लिए कभी सीट ही नहीं आए

इन चालबाजियों का परिणाम रहा कि विश्वविद्यालयों में आरक्षण ऐसे लागू हुआ, जिससे कि आरक्षित वर्ग को न्यूनतम सीटें मिलें. इस तरह की नीतियों का ही परिणाम है कि आज भी विश्वविद्यलयों में आरक्षित समुदाय के प्रोफेसरों, एसोसिएट प्रोफेसरों और असिस्टेंट प्रोफेसरों का प्रतिनिधित्व बहुत ही कम है. अभी हाल ही में छपी एक रिपोर्ट में बताया गया है कि देशभर के विश्वविद्यालयों में आरक्षण लागू होने के बावजूद भी आरक्षित समुदाय के प्राध्यापकों का प्रतिनिधित्व बहुत ही कम है.

रोस्टर का जन्म:-

2006 में उच्च शिक्षण संस्थानों में ओबीसी आरक्षण लागू करने के दौरान विश्वविद्यालय में नियुक्तयों का मामला केंद्र की तत्कालीन यूपीए सरकार के सामने आया. चूंकि इस बार आरक्षण उस सरकार के समय में लागू हो रहा था, जिसमें आरजेडी, डीएमके, पीएमके, जेएमएम जैसे पार्टियां शामिल थीं, जो कि सामाजिक न्याय की पक्षधर रहीं हैं, इसलिए पुराने खेल की गुंजाइश काफी कम हो गयी थी. अतः केंद्र सरकार के डीओपीटी मंत्रालय ने यूजीसी को दिसंबर 2005 में एक पत्र भेजकर विश्वविद्यालयों में आरक्षण लागू करेने में आ रही विसंगतियों को दूर करने के लिए कहा. उस पत्र के अनुपालन में यूजीसी के तत्कालीन चेयरमैन प्रोफेसर वीएन राजशेखरन पिल्लई ने प्रसिद्ध वैज्ञानिक प्रोफेसर रावसाहब काले जो कि आगे चलकर गुजरात केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय के संस्थापक कुलपति भी बनाए गए थे, की अध्यक्षता में आरक्षण लागू करने के लिए एक फॉर्मूला बनाने हेतु एक तीन सदस्यीय कमेटी का गठन किया था, जिसमें कानूनविद प्रोफेसर जोश वर्गीज़ और यूजीसी के तत्कालीन सचिव डॉ आरके चौहान सदस्य थे.

प्रोफेसर काले कमेटी ने भारत सरकार के डीओपीटी मंत्रालय की 02 जुलाई 1997 की गाइडलाइन जो कि सुप्रीम कोर्ट के सब्बरवाल जजमेंट के आधार पर बनी है, को ही आधार बनाकर 200 पॉइंट का रोस्टर बनाया. इस रोस्टर में किसी विश्वविद्यालय के सभी विभाग में कार्यरत असिस्टेंट प्रोफेसर, एसोसिएट प्रोफेसर और प्रोफेसर का तीन स्तर पर कैडर बनाने की सिफारिश की गयी. इस कमेटी ने विभाग के बजाय, विश्वविद्यालय/कालेज को यूनिट मानकर आरक्षण लागू करने की सिफारिश की, क्योंकि उक्त पदों पर नियुक्तियां विश्वविद्यालय करता है, न कि उसका विभाग. अलग-अलग विभागों में नियुक्त प्रोफेसरों की सैलरी और सेवा शर्तें भी एक ही होती हैं, इसलिए भी कमेटी ने उनको एक कैडर मानने की सिफारिश की थी.

रोस्टर 200 पॉइंट का क्यों, 100 पॉइंट का क्यों नहीं?

काले कमेटी ने रोस्टर को 100 पॉइंट पर न बनाकर 200 पॉइंट पर बनाया, क्योंकि अनुसूचित जातियों को 7.5 प्रतिशत ही आरक्षण है. अगर यह रोस्टर 100 पॉइंट पर बनता है तो अनुसूचित जातियों को किसी विश्वविद्यालय में विज्ञापित होने वाले 100 पदों में से 7.5 पद देने होते, जो कि संभव नहीं है.

अतः कमेटी ने अनुसूचित जनजाति, अनुसूचित जाति और ओबीसी को 100 प्रतिशत में दिये गए क्रमशः 7.5, 15, 27 प्रतिशत आरक्षण को दो से गुणा कर दिया, जिससे यह निकलकर आया कि 200 प्रतिशत में अनुसूचित जनजाति, अनुसूचित जाति और ओबीसी को क्रमश: 15, 30, 54 प्रतिशत आरक्षण मिलेगा. यानि अगर एक विश्वविद्यालय में 200 सीट हैं, तो उसमें अनुसूचित जनजाति, अनुसूचित जाति, और ओबीसी को क्रमशः 15, 30, और 54 सीटें मिलेंगी, जो कि उनके 7.5, 15, 27 प्रतिशत आरक्षण के अनुसार हैं.

सीटों की संख्या का गणित सुलझाने के बाद कमेटी के सामने यह समस्या आई की यह कैसे निर्धारित किया जाये कि कौन सी सीट किस समुदाय को जाएगी? इस पहेली को सुलझाने के लिए कमेटी ने हर सीट पर चारों वर्गों की हिस्सेदारी देखने का फॉर्मूला अपनाया. मसलन, अगर किसी संस्थान में केवल एक सीट है, तो उसमें अनारक्षित वर्ग की हस्सेदारी 50.5 प्रतिशत होगी, ओबीसी की हिस्सेदारी 27 प्रतिशत होगी, एससी की हिस्सेदारी 15 प्रतिशत होगी, और एसटी की हिस्सेदारी 7.5 प्रतिशत होगी. चूंकि इस विभाजन में सामान्य वर्ग की हिस्सेदारी सबसे ज्यादा है, इसलिए पहली सीट अनारक्षित रखी जाती है.

पहली सीट के अनारक्षित रखने का एक और लॉजिक यह है कि यह सीट सैद्धांतिक रूप से सभी वर्ग के उम्मीदवारों के लिए खुली होगी. यह अलग बात है कि धीरे-धीरे यह माना जाने लगा है कि अनारक्षित सीट का मतलब सामान्य वर्ग के लिए आरक्षण. इस फॉर्मूले के आधार पर कमेटी ने सीट की स्थिति का निर्धारण करने के लिए 200 नंबर का एक चार्ट बना दिया, जिसको कि 200 पॉइंट का रोस्टर कहते हैं. इस रोस्टर के अनुसार अगर किसी विश्वविद्यालय में असिस्टेंट प्रोफेसर के पद पर कुल 200 पद हैं, तो उनका वितरण निम्न प्रकार होगा.

अनारक्षितः 01,02,03,05,06,09 वां……समेत बाकी सभी पद जो कि ओबीसी, एससी, एसटी मे नहीं सम्मिलित हैं.

ओबीसीः 04, 08, 12, 16, 19, 23, 26, 30,34, 38, 42, 45,49,52, 56,60,63, 67,71,75, 78,82,86, 89,93,97, 100, 104, 109,112, 115, 119,123,126, 130,134, 138, 141,145,149, 152,156, 161,163, 167,171,176, 178, 182, 186, 189,193,197,200 वां पद

एससी: 7,15,20,27,35,41,47,54,61,68,74,81,87,94,99,107,114,121,127,135, 140,147,154,162,168,174,180,187,195,199 वां पद

एसटी: 14,28,40,55,69,80,95,108,120,136,148,160,175,188,198वां पद

विवाद की वजह:-

प्रो. काले कमेटी द्वारा बनाए गए इस रोस्टर ने विश्वविद्यालों द्वारा निकाली जा रही नियुक्तियों में आरक्षित वर्ग की सीटों की चोरी को लगभग नामुमकिन बना दिया, क्योंकि इसने यह तक तय कर दिया कि आने वाला पद किस समुदाय के कोटे से भरा जाना है. इस वजह से बीएचयू, इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय, दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय, शांति निकेतन विश्वविद्यालय समेत कई विश्वविद्यालय इस रोस्टर के खिलाफ हो गए थे.

ऐसा इसलिए हुए, क्योंकि यह रोस्टर तब से लागू माना जाना था, जब से उस विश्वविद्यालय ने अपने यहां आरक्षण लागू किया था. मान लीजिए कि किसी विश्वविद्यालय ने 2005 से अपने यहां आरक्षण लागू किया, लेकिन उसने अपने यहां उसके बाद भी किसी एसटी, एससी, ओबीसी को नियुक्त नहीं किया. ऐसी सूरत में उस विश्वविद्यालय में 2005 के बाद नियुक्त हुए सभी असिस्टेंट प्रोफेसर, एसोसिएट प्रोफेसर और प्रोफेसरों की सीनियरिटी के अनुसार तीन अलग-अलग लिस्ट बनेगी. अब मान लीजिये कि अगर उस विश्वविद्यालय ने असिस्टेंट प्रोफेसर पर अब तक 43 लोगों को नियुक्त कर चुका है, जिसमें कोई भी एससी, एसटी और ओबीसी नहीं है, तो रोस्टर के अनुसार उस विश्वविद्यालय में अगले 11 असिस्टेंट प्रोफेसरों को सिर्फ ओबीसी उम्मीदवार से, 06 को एसटी, और 03 को एसटी उम्मीदवारों से भरे बिना, उक्त विश्वविद्यालय कोई भी असिस्टेंट प्रोफेसर पद पर अनारक्षित वर्ग की नियुक्ति नहीं कर सकता.

चूंकि ज़्यादातर विश्वविद्यालयों ने अपने यहां आरक्षण सिर्फ कागज पर ही लागू किया था, इसलिए इस रोस्टर के आने के बाद वो फंस गए. चूंकि वो नया पद अनारक्षित वर्ग के लिए तब तक नहीं निकाल सकते थे, जब तक कि पुराना बैकलॉग भर न जाय. ऐसे में इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय, बीएचयू, डीयू, और शांति निकेतन समेत तमाम विश्वविद्यालयों ने इस रोस्टर को विश्वविद्यालय स्तर पर लागू किए जाने का विरोध करने लगे. उन्होंने विभाग स्तर पर ही रोस्टर लागू करने की मांग की. इन विश्वविद्यालयों ने 200 पॉइंट रोस्टर को जब लागू करने से मना कर दिया, तो यूजीसी के तत्कालीन चेयरमैन प्रोफेसर सुखदेव थोराट ने प्रो. राव साहब काले की ही अध्यक्षता में इनमें से कुछ विश्वविद्यालयों के खिलाफ जांच कमेटी बैठा दी तो दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय का फंड तक रोक दिया था. दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय का फंड तब प्रधानमंत्री कार्यालय के हस्तक्षेप से ही रिलीज हो पाया था. चूंकि उन दिनों केंद्र की यूपीए सरकार के तमाम घटक दलों में क्षेत्रीय पार्टियां थीं, इसलिए तब इन विश्वविद्यालयों में विरोध परवान नहीं चढ़ पाया था.
Jitendra Narayan

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2018 में सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या वाले 10 देश

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चीन 141, भारत 135, अमेरिका 32, इंडोनेशिया 26, ब्राजील 21, पाकिस्तान 20, नाइजीरिया 19, बांग्लादेश 16, रूस 14, मेक्सिको 13 करोड़।